WASHINGTON – U.S consumer prices fell for the first time in more than 2-1/2 years in December as gasoline and motor vehicles prices declined, offering hope that inflation was now on a sustained downward trend, though the labor market remains tight.
Americans also got more relief at the supermarket last month, with the report from the Labor Department on Thursday showing food prices posting their smallest monthly increase since March 2021. But rents remained very high and utilities were more expensive.
Cooling inflation could allow the Federal Reserve to further scale back the pace of its interest rate increases next month. The U.S. central bank is engaged in its fastest rate hiking cycle since the 1980s. Fed officials welcomed the slowdown, with the Philadelphia Fed’s Patrick Harker saying “hikes of 25 basis points will be appropriate going forward,” in his view.
“The mountain peak of inflation is behind us but the question is how steep the downhill is,” said Sung Won Sohn, finance and economics professor at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles. “To be sure, the efforts by the Fed have begun to bear fruit, even though it will be a while before the promised land of a 2 percent inflation rate is here.”
The consumer price index dipped 0.1 percent last month, the first decline since May 2020, when the economy was reeling from the first wave of COVID-19 cases. The CPI rose 0.1 percent in November.
Economists polled by Reuters had forecast the CPI unchanged. It was third straight month that the CPI came in below expectations and raised buying power for consumers as well as hopes the economy could avoid a dreaded recession this year.
Excluding food, shelter and energy, prices dropped for a third consecutive month.
“Today’s report increases the likelihood of a soft landing,” said Sinem Buber, lead economist at ZipRecruiter.
Gasoline prices tumbled 9.4 percent after dropping 2 percent in November. But the cost of natural gas increased 3 percent, while electricity rose 1 percent.
Food prices climbed 0.3 percent, the smallest gain in nearly two years, after rising 0.5 percent in the prior month. The cost of food consumed at home increased 0.2 percent, also the least since March 2021. Fruit and vegetable prices fell as did those for dairy products, but meat, poultry and fish cost more. Egg prices surged 11.1 percent because of avian flu.
In the 12 months through December, the CPI increased 6.5 percent. That was the smallest rise since October 2021 and followed a 7.1- percent advance in November. The annual CPI peaked at 9.1 percent in June, which was the biggest increase since November 1981. Inflation remains well above the Fed’s 2 percent target.
President Joe Biden said the disinflationary trend was “giving families some real breathing room,” and “proof that my plan is working.”
Price pressures are subsiding as higher borrowing costs cool demand, and supply chains ease.
The Fed last year raised its policy rate by 425 basis points from near zero to a 4.25 percent-4.50 percent range, the highest since late 2007. In December, it projected at least an additional 75 basis points of hikes in borrowing costs by the end of 2023.
Financial markets have priced in a 25-basis point rate increase at the Fed’s Jan. 31-Feb. 1 meeting, according to CME’s FedWatch Tool.
Excluding the volatile food and energy components, the CPI climbed 0.3 percent last month after rising 0.2 percent in November. In the 12 months through December, the so-called core CPI increased 5.7 percent. That was the smallest gain since December 2021 and followed a 6- percent advance in November.
Stocks on Wall Street rose. The dollar slipped against a basket of currencies. U.S. Treasury yields fell.
Goods deflation
Prices for used cars and trucks fell 2.5 percent, recording their sixth straight monthly decline. New motor vehicles slipped 0.1 percent, falling for the first time since January 2021.
Core goods prices dropped 0.3 percent, declining for a third straight month. Apparel prices rose despite retailers offering discounts to clear excess inventory. While goods deflation is becoming entrenched, services, the largest component of the CPI basket, accelerated 0.6 percent after gaining 0.3 percent in November.
Core services, which exclude energy, rose 0.5 percent last month after increasing 0.4 percent in November.
They are being driven by sticky rents. Owners’ equivalent rent, a measure of the amount homeowners would pay to rent or would earn from renting their property, jumped 0.8 percent after rising 0.7 percent in November. Independent measures, however, suggest rental inflation is cooling.
The rent measures in the CPI tend to lag the independent gauges. Healthcare costs gained 0.1 percent after two straight monthly declines. Stripping out rental shelter, services inflation shot up 0.4 percent after being unchanged in November.
With labor costs accounting for about two-thirds of the CPI, Fed officials will want to see more compelling evidence of abating prices pressures before pausing rate hikes.
The labor market remains tight, with the unemployment rate back at a five-decade low of 3.5 percent in December, and 1.7 jobs for every unemployed person in November.
A separate report from the Labor Department showed initial claims for state unemployment benefits fell 1,000 to a seasonally adjusted 205,000 for the week ended Jan. 7.
Economists had forecast 215,000 claims for the latest week. Claims have remained low despite high-profile layoffs in the technology industry as well as job cuts in interest rate-sensitive sectors like finance and housing.
Economists say companies are for now reluctant to send workers home after difficulties finding labor during the pandemic. The number of people receiving benefits after an initial week of aid, a proxy for hiring, dropped 63,000 to 1.634 million in the week ending Dec. 31, the claims data showed
The government reported last week the economy created 223,000 jobs in December, more than double the 100,000 that the Fed wants to see to be confident inflation is cooling.
“Even if the Fed delivers a downshift in pace, it will continue tightening past its next meeting,” said Michael Pugliese, an economist at Wells Fargo in New York.